EFFECTS OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ON PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA, THE CASE OF THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KENYA
Abstract
Higher Education in post-independence Kenya from 1963 to 2015 has undergone through a lot of changes characterized by rapid expansion both in terms of students’ enrolment and in sharp increase in the number of both private and public universities against a backdrop of diminishing financial support. The study aimed at determining the effects of change management strategy on performances in Public Universities in Kenya (PU-K) with reference to the Technical University of Kenya (TUK). The study was guided by the following objectives; to determine the effect of Change communication strategies, to establish the effects of change leadership strategy, to analyze the effect of change planning strategy, and to determine the effect of change execution strategy on performance in Public Universities in Kenya with reference to Technical University of Kenya. The study adopted case study research design. The population was divided into set or strata and which was mutually exclusive. The study population was 215 employee of the Technical University of Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample size of 140 respondents consisting of University Management Board Staff (i.e Vice Chancellor, Deputy Vice Chancellors, Executive Deans and Executive Directors), Directors of Academic and Administrative centres, Heads of Academic and Administration Departments. The study used the questionnaire as the data collection instrument. The researcher carried out a pilot study of 10 subjects to pretest and validates the questionnaire. Quantitative data collected analyzed using SPSS (Version 20) and presented through percentages, means, standard deviations and frequencies. Content analysis was used to test data that was qualitative in nature or aspect of the data collected from the open ended questions. The study concluded that communication strategy had significant effects on performance of the TUK. Through effective leadership, the leaders clearly outlined the strategy for change in TUK, they were clear on university mission for change and leaders articulated management vision for change that influenced performance at TUK to a great extent. Finally the study concluded that the change planning strategy had positive impact and change execution strategy impacted positively on performance of the Technical University of Kenya. The study demonstrated that management strategies impacted most positively on Service delivery, Innovation/Application and automation, satisfaction and resolution of public complaints and increased student enrollment and student graduation rates. The management of the institution should enhance utilization of change communication strategy as it had a greater positive impact on performance of the Technical University of Kenya.
Key Words: Change communication strategy, Change Leadership Strategy, Change planning strategy, Change Execution Strategy, Performance
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abbas W., & Asghar, (2010), The Role of Leadership in Organizational Change, Relating the Successful Organizational Change to Visional and Innovative Leadership, Master’s Thesis in Industrial Engineering and Management, University of
Abraham, S., Leavy, B. (2007) "Interview: After 15 editions, the authors of a strategic management textbook reflect, Strategy & Leadership, Vol. 35 Iss: 4, pp.38 – 42.
Acemoglu, D. (2006). ‘Distance to frontier, selection, and economic growth’, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 4(1), pp. 37–74.
Adams, G. B., & Balfour, D. L. (2009).Unmasking administrative evil: ME Sharpe.
Adams, R., Bessant, J. & Phelps, R. (2006). Innovation Management Measurement: A review, Innovation: International Journal of Management Review, 33 (2,21-47)
Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., Hoxby, C., Mas-Colell, A. & Sapir, A. (2010). ‘The governance and performance of Universities: Evidence from Europe and the US’. Economic Policy, vol. 25(61), pp. 8-59.
Alas, R.; Vadi, M. 2006. The impact of organizational culture on organizational learning and attitudes concerning the change from an institutional perspective, International Journal of Strategic Change Management 1(½): 155–170.
Allen, J., Jimmieson, N. L., Bordia, P., & Irmer, B. E. (2007). Uncertainty during organizational change: Managing perceptions through communication. Journal of Change Management, 7(2), 187-210.
Andrews J, Cameron H., Harris M., (2008). All change? Managers’ experience of organizational change in theory and practice. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Volume: 21 Issue: 3.
Archer, L. (2009). The neoliberal subjects? Young/er academics construction of professional identity. Journal of Educational Policy, 23(3), 265-285.
Armstrong M. (2009), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice.10th Ed. Kogan Page Ltd, London.
Armstrong, M. (2006), A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 10th Edition, Kogan page, London
Atkinson, P. (2005), Creating culture change, Jaico publishing House, Mumbai
Aureli S. (2010). The introduction of innovative performance measurement and management control systems: the role of financial investors and their acquired companies. In Epstein et al. editors. Performance Measurement and management control: Innovative Concepts and practice, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 81-114. DOI 10.1108/s1479- 3512(2010)0000020007
Avey J.B., Wernsing TS and Luthans F (2008) Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors? Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 44: 48–70
Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R. E(2008).. Transformational Leadership, 2nd Edition, Taylor & Francis e-Library.
Bastedo, M. N., & Bowman, N.A. (2010). U.S. News & World Report college rankings: Model institutional effects on organizational reputation. American Journal of Education, 116, 163-181.
Bennis, W. (2006). Authentic Leaders. Leadership Excellence, 23(8), 3-4.
Besley, T. & Ghatak, M. (2005). Competition and Incentives with Motivated Agents.’ American Economic Review, vol 95, pp. 616-36.
Birkinshaw, Julian, Gary Hamel, and Michael J. Mol. 2008.Management innovation. Academy of Management Review. 33:825–45.
Bisel, R. S., Messersmith, A. S., and Keyton, J. (2010). Understanding organizational culture and communication through a gyroscope metaphor. Journal of Management Education, 34, 342-66.doi:23.112015/1052562909340879
Bloom, N. & J. Van Reenen (2010). ‘Human resource management and productivity’, in Ashenfelter, O. and D. Card (Eds.) Handbook of Labor Economics Volume IV
Bloom, N., Propper, C., Seiler, S. and Van Reenen, J. (2010). ‘The Impact of Competition on Management Quality: Evidence from Public Hospitals’, NBER Working Paper 16032.
Branson C. M. (2008).Achieving organisational change through values alignment, Vol. 46 Issue 3, Journal of Educational Administration, and Sustainability, governance and organisational change, 2003,
Buchanan, D., Fitzgerald, L., Ketley, D., Gollop, R., Jones, J. L., Lamont, S. S.,& Whitby, E. (2005). No Going Back: A review of the literature on sustaining organizational change . International Journal of Management Reviews, 189-205.
Bush, A. J. (2007). What is Coaching? In Denison J. Ed. Coaching Knowledge: understanding the dynamics of sport performance. London, ABC Black , pg. 3-33
business West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Butterworth, D. S. (2007). Why a management procedure approach? Some positives and negatives. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 613–617.
Calleb, N. J (2014)Relationship between Marketing Strategies and Enrolment in Private Universities in Kenya, Unpublished MBA Project, Kenyatta University
Carmeli, A. (2005). Perceived external prestige, affective commitment, and citizenship behaviors. Organization Studies, 26(3), 443-464.
Carter, E. (2008): Successful change requires more than change management. The Journal for Quality and Participation, Vol. 31, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 20-23
Cascio, W. & Boudreau J.W. (2008) Investing in people: Financial impact of human resource initiatives. Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Education Inc
Chacha, N. (2004): Public Universities’ private funding: The challenges in East Africa in Zelez, P> T> and African Universities in the 21st Century, Vol. 1
Chreim, S. (2006) Managerial frames and institutional discourses of change: Employee appropriation and resistance. Organization Studies 27: 1261–1287.
CIPD (2005) Training to Learning, Change Agenda. London: CIPD. Retrieved on22.7.2015 from: www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/lrnanddev/general/train2lrn0405.htm.
Colquitt, J. A., Greenberg, J., & Scott, B. A. (2005).Organizational justice: Where do we stand. In J. Greenberg and J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of organizational justice (pp. 589- 619). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Communication for Governance and Accountability Program, Change Management, The World Bank, 2009.
Contartesi, R. A. (2010). School climate: A correlational analysis of superintendent leadership communication and employee performance. University of Phoenix, 1-8.
Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P.S. (2001). Business research methods (8th ed.) Boston, MA: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Dahlberg, L. C. (2007). Supervisor-Subordinate communication during organizational change: The effects in employee trust and morale. Queens University of Charlotte, 1-13.
De Wit, B. & Meyer, R. (2005) Strategy Synthesis: Resolving Strategy Paradoxes to Create Competitive Advantage, 2nd edition, London: Thomson Learning.
DeNisi, A.S. & Griffin RW (2008) Managing Human Resources, 3rd edn. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin
Dessler, G. (2011). Human Resource Management, Boston (Massachusetts) Prentice Hall
Diefenbach, T. (2006), Competing Perceptions and Business Models of Senior Managers in a Higher Education Institution, International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change, Management, forthcoming
Dulger, M. (2009). Human side of change: A conceptual model. Journal of Economics, 1-28.
Emsley, D. 2005. Restructuring the management accounting function: a note on the effect of role involvement in innovativeness.Management Accounting Research, 16, 157-177.
Emsley, D., Nevicky, B. and Harrison, G. 2006. Effect of cognitive style and professional development on the initiation of radical and non-radical management accounting innovations Accounting and Finance, 46, 243-264.
Fernandez, S. and Rainey, H. G. (2006). Managing Successful Change in Public Sector: Public Administration Review, 10.
Ford J. D. & Ford LW (2010). Stop blaming resistance to change and start using it. Organizational Dynamics 39: 24–36.
Ford, J. D., Ford, L. W. & D’Amelio. (2008). Resistance to Change: The Rest of the Story." Academy of Management Review 33(2): 362-377.
Foster, R. D. (2010). Resistance, Justice and Commitment to change. Human Resource Development Quarterly 21:3-39
Franken, A., Edwards, C., & Lambert, R. (2009). Executing strategic change: Understanding the critical management elements that lead to success. California Management Review, 51(3), 49–73.
Fuchs S. & Edwards M. R. (2011) Predicting pro-change behaviour: The role of perceived organizational justice and organizational identification. Human Resource Management Journal 22: 39–59
Fuchs, S. (2011) ‘The impact of manager and top management identification on the relationship between perceived organizational justice and change-oriented behavior’, Leadership & Organization Development Journal , Vol. 32, No. 6, pp.565–583
Fugate M, Prussia, G. E. and Kinicki, A. J. (2012) Managing employee withdrawal during organizational change: The role of threat appraisal. Journal of Management 38: 890–914.
Galoppin, L. & Caems,S. (2007): Managing Organizational Change during SAP Implementations. Sap Press, Bonn.
Gardner, S. (2010). Keeping up with the Joneses: Socialization and culture in doctoral education at one striving institution. The Journal of Higher Education, 81(6), 728-749.
Greenberg, J. & Baron, R. (2008). Behavior in Organizations, 9th ed., Prentice Education, NY.
Government of Kenya (2012), Universities Act, No. 42.
Government of Kenya Universities Act 210b, Revised Edition 2012 [1986] Published by the National Council for Law Reporting with the Authority of the Attorney-General
Government of Kenya (2007), Kenya Polytechnic University College, Gazette Notice 159.
Gruman, J. A., & Saks, A. M. (2011).Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 123-136.
Gudo , C., Olel M. and Oanda I,(2011). University Expansion in Kenya and Issues of Quality Education: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 2 No. 20; November 2011.
Hair, J. F., Money, A. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research method of
Hamlin B, Jane K. & Ash K. (2010).Organizational Change and Development – A Reflective Guide for Managers, Trainers and Developers. Prentice Hall.
Hassan, S. (2013). Does Fair Treatment in the Workplace Matter? An Assessment of Organizational Fairness and Employee Outcomes in Government. The American Review of Public Administration 43(5) 539–557
Hays S. W., Kearney R.C. and Coggburn J.D. (eds) (2009) Public Human Resource Management: Problems and Prospects, 5th edn. New York: Longman.
Heathfield. S. M. (2009).Communication Is Key in Change Management,
Helms, M. M. (2006). Theory X and Theory, Encyclopaedia of Management Education
Higher Education Policy, 2014, 27, (65–84) 2014 International Association of Universities 0952-8733/14 -
Hrebinak, L. G. (2005). Making Strategy Work Leading Effective Execution and Change, Pearson Educational Inc.
Hurrell J. Organizational stress intervention. In: Barling J., Kelloway E.K., Frone M.R., editors. Handbook of work stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2005. pp. 623–645
Jansen, Justin P., Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, & Volberda, H. W. 2006. Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators. Management Science 52:1661–74
Jones, D. A. and Skarlicki D. P. (2012). How perceptions of fairness can change: A dynamic model of organizational justice. Organizational Psychology Review 32(2): 138–160.
Kagwira, M. M. (2004). A survey of the extent to which Kenyan Universities, Practice Education marketing. Unpublished MBA project university of Nairobi
Kanter R. M .(2009) What would Peter say? Harvard Business Review 87: 64–70
Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 82 of 27th August, 2007
Kim, H. (2009) Integrating organizational justice into the relationship management theory, Journal of Management , Vol. 15, No. 1, pp.288–297
Kim, T., Kim, G. and Kim, B. (2008) ‘The effects of perceived justice on recovery satisfaction, trust, word-of-mouth, and revisit intention in upscale hotels’, Tourism Management , Vol. 16, No. 3, pp.1–12
Kluse, Christopher. “TQM and the Government.” Journal of Quality and Participation, Vol. 32, Issue 32, 2009, pp. 27-31.
Kotter, J.,& Schlesinger, L. (2008).Choosing strategies for change.Harvard Business Review, 130-138.
Kotterman, J. (2006). Leadership vs Management: What’s the difference?” Journal for quality and participation, Vol. 29,Issue 2, p.13-17.
Kubr, M. (2006). Management Consulting; A guide to the profession 4th Edition, International Labour Office, Geneva
Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M.J., Kickert, W.J.M., Tummers, L.G., Grandia, J., and Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organisations: A literature review. Public Administration, Vol. 92, No. 1, (1–20).
Kupritz, V. W., & Cowell, E. (2011). Productive management communication: Online and face-to-face.Journal of Business Communication, 48, 52-82.
Lee, J. (2008). "An Overview of change management in the hospitality industry" UNLV Theses/Dissertations/ProfessionalPapers/Capstones. Paper 547.
Lines, R., Selart, M., Espedal, B. and Johansen, S.T. (2005): The production of trust during organizational change. Journal of Change Management, Vol. 5, No. 2, June 2005, pp. 221-245.
Lok, P., Hung, R.Y., Walsh, P., Wang, P., and Crawford, J. (2005). An Integrative Framework for Measuring the Extent to Which Organizational Variables Influence the Success of Process Improvement Programmes, Journal of Management Studies, Vol.42, No.7, pp.1356-1381.
Luthans, F. (2005). Organisational Behaviour (10th ed). New Yolk, McGraw-Hill Irwin
Magretta, J. (2012). Understanding Michael Porter: The essential guide to competition and strategy. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press
Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H. and Schoormann, F.D. (2007) An integrative model of organizational trust: past, present, and future, Academy of Management Review, 32(2), pp. 344–354.
McCormick, M. (2006). The internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), Metaphysics. Retrieved June 30, 2015, from ttp://www.iep.utm.edu/k/kantmeta.htm#H8
Mugenda and Mugenda (2003. Research Methods Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, African Centre for Technology Studies Press,
Murugi, M. F. (2013). Human Dimension of change management in Universities in Kenya, Unpublished MBA Project, University of Nairobi).
Mutisya, T.M. (2010), Change management and competitive advantage: A case study of Kenya Police Staff Savings and Credit Society, unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
Muturi, S.N., (2006), Management of Strategic Change at Plan International Inc- Kenya, Unpublished MBA Research Project, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
Nafukho, F. N.The market of Financing State Universities in Kenya: Some Innovation Lessons in Zeleza, P. T. and Olukoshi, A. (Ed) (2004). African Universities in the 21st Century Vol. 1 Liberalization and Internationalization Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
National Defense University, "Strategic Leadership and Decision Making," at URL http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch19.html
Ndanu, K. R. (2014) Determinants of Competitive Advantage among Private Universities in Kenya, Unpublished MBA Project, Kenyatta University
Nelissen, P., and Van Sale, M. (2008). Surviving organizational change: How management communicationhelps balance mixed feeling. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 13, 306- 318.
Nicolaidis, C., and Katsaros, K. (2007). Emotions towards change: A case of Northern Greek ICT Industry‖. 7th Global Conference on Business & Economics, 1-30.
Ntarangwi, M. (2003). The Challenges of Education and Development in Post Colonial Kenya in CODESRIA Africa Development Vol XXVIII, Nos 3 and 4, pp. 221-228 Dakar, Senegal
Ogula, P. A. (2005). Research Methods. Nairobi: CUEA Publications
O’Meara, K. A. (2007). Striving for what?: Exploring the pursuit of prestige. In J. C. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 22, pp. 121-179). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
O’Meara, K., and Meekins, M. (2012). Inside rankings: Limitations and possibilities (Working Paper, 2012 Series, Issue No. 1). Boston, MA: New England Resource Center for Higher Education.
Oreg, S. (2006) Personality, context, and resistance to organizational change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 15: 73–101.
Oreg, S. and Berson Y (2011) Leadership and employees’ reactions to change: The role of leaders’s personal attributes and transformational leadership style. Personnel Psychology 64: 627–659.
Osipian, A. (2008) ‘Political graft and education corruption in Ukraine: Compliance, collusion, and control’, Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 16(4): 323–344.
Osipian, A. (2009) ‘Corruption and reform in higher education in Ukraine’, Canadian and International Education Journal38(2): 104–122.
Peccei R, Giangreco A and Sebastiano A (2011).The role of organisational commitment in the analysis of resistance to change.Personnel Review 40: 185–204.
Pepper, G., and Larson, G. S. (2006).Overcoming information communication technology problems in a post-acquisition organization.Organizational Dynamics, 35(2), 160-169.
Pearson and Robinson (2007). Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation, and Control (11th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Piccolo R. F., Bardes M, Mayer DM, et al. (2008) Does high quality leader-member exchange accentuate the effects of organizational justice? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 17: 273–298
Pryor, M.G., Taneja, S., Humphreys, J., and Moffitt, B. (2007), .Terrorism, A Strategic, Process Management Issue., Accepted for presentation at the January, 2008 International Academy of Business and Public Administration Disciplines (IABPAD) Conference in Orlando, Florida and for publication in the IABPAD Proceedings.
Pugh, L. (2007): Change Management in Information Services. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot.
Qian, Y. (2007). A communication model of employee cynicism toward organizational change.Journal of Communication, 1-149.
Rasmussen T.H., Jeppesen H.J. Teamwork and associated psychological factors: A review. Work & Stress. 2006;20:105–128.
Reed, G. E. (2012). Leading questions: Leadership, ethics, and administrative evil Leadership, 8(2), 187-198. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17427 15011429589
Rich, T. A. (2008). Becoming the boss whisperer: An examination of the Relationship between employee follower behaviors and supervisor satisfaction with employee performance. Capella University, 1-10.
Robbins, S. P. and Judge, T. A. (2007): Organizational Behavior 12th edition. Pearson Education, New Jersey. Rudestam, K. E. and
Robbins, S.P. (2005), Organizational Behaviour (11th Ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Samuel K. (2013). The Effects Of Change Management in An Organization: A Case Study of National University of Rwanda (Nur). Wyno Journal of Management &Business Studies, Vol. 1(1), PP. 1-18.
Self, D. R. and Schraeder, M. (2009): Enhancing the success of organizational change: Matching readiness strategies with sources of resistance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 167-182.
Senior, B. and Swailes, S. (2010) Organizational Change. Harlow: Pearson Education.
SHRM (2007). 2007 Change Management Survey Report. Alexandria: SHRM research Department
Senior, B. and Fleming, J. (2006): Organizational Change.3rd edition. Pearson Education, Harlow.
Sifuna, D (2012), Leadership in Kenyan Public Universities and the Challenges of Autonomy and Academic Freedom: An Overview of Trends Since Independence. JHEA/RESA Vol. 10, No.1.
Summers, J. K., Humphrey, S. E., & Ferris, G. R. (2012). Team Member Change, Flux in Coordination,and Performance: Effects of Strategic Core Roles, Information Transfer, and Cognitive Ability. AcademyOf Management Journal, 55, 314- 338.doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0175
Stoner, J.A., Freeman, R.E., & Gilbern, D. R. (2008).Management 6th Edition, Dorling.
Tavakoli, M. (2010).A positive approach to stress, resistance, and organizational change. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1794-1798.
Todnem, R. (2005) ‘Organizational Change Management: A Critical Review’, Journal of Change Management, 5, 4, pp.369 – 380
Toma, J. D. (2012). Institutional strategy: Positioning for prestige. In M. N. Bastedo (Ed.), The organization of higher education: Managing colleges for a new era (pp. 118-159). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ulrich, D. (2012, November 13). What’s next for HR? The six competencies HR needs for today’s challenges. Retrieved from Personnel Today: http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/27/07/2015/58988/whats-next-for-hr-the-six-competencies-hr-needs-for-todays-challenges.htm
Universities Act Chapter 210b Revised Edition 2012 [1986] Published by the National Council for Law Reporting with the Authority of the Attorney-General.
Universities Australia (2013). “Facts”, available at: http://www.smartestinvestment.com.au/campaign/key-facts/ (accessed on 4th July2015).
Van Dam K, Oreg S &Schyns, B (2008). Daily work contexts and resistance to organizational change: The role of leader–member exchange, development climate, and change process characteristics. Applied Psychology: An International Review 57: 313–334
Van Mierlo, H., Rutte, C., Kompier, M., & Dooreward. H. (2005). Self-managing teamwork and psychological well-being: Review of a multilevel research domain. Group Organization Management. ;30:211–235.
Vasset, F., Marnburg, E., and Furunes, T. (2010).Employees' perceptions of justice in performance appraisals.Nursing Management, 17(2), 30-34.
Walker, R, M., & Damanpour. F. (2008). Innovation type and organizational performance: An empirical exploration.In Managing improvement in public service delivery: Progress and prospects, eds. C. Donaldson, J. Hartley, C. Skelcher, and M. Wallace. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. www.cue.or.ke/.../1-general?...56...of-universities-universities...kenya. 17/03/2015
Yamane, T. (1973). “Statistics: an introductory analysis.” New York: Harper & Row
Ye, J., Marinova, D., and Singh, J. (2007).Strategic change implementation and performance loss in the front lines. Journal of Marketing, 71, 156-171.
Yeoh P. (2010) Causes of the global financial crisis: Learning from the competing insights. International Journal of Disclose and Governance 7: 42–69
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.61426/sjbcm.v3i2.260
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
PAST ISSUES:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.